#PorUnMejorModeloDePublicación @jbiogeography: I

Como resultado de la #HuelgaLaboral de los #EditoresAsociados en @jbiogeography, Wiley, la entidad editorial de la revista, se apresuró a emitir una réplica ampliamente displicente que desembocó en la dimisión de la Editora Jefa Ceridwen Fraser. Hemos invitado a Wiley a revisar su respuesta, sin que esto haya ocurrido finalmente. Como consecuencia, el cuerpo editorial ha recopilado nuestras preocupaciones y reivindican que se traten una docena de puntos que han sido expuestos en nuestra respuesta a Wiley, a continuación.

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Consideramos que los siguientes aspectos incorporados en la réplica inicial de Wiley son perturbadores:

Comentario de Wiley: No existen planes de convertir Journal of Biogeography (JBI) en una revista Open Access (OA).
Respuesta: Esta afirmación contradice la trayectoria que Wiley viene siguiendo, en vista de la cual un cambio hacia OA es inminente (https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16815Wiley Q2 2023 Earnings Call Transcript) y declaraciones explícitas en este sentido atañen a JBI en un horizonte de 2-4 años. En tales circunstancias, exista o no un cronograma explícito para dicho fin, se hace necesaria la existencia de un plan explícito que refleje como las inequidades que están siendo introducidas actualmente por Wiley (y otras editoriales) en su proceso de apropiación de OA serán abordadas. Estas inequidades son ya una cuestión crítica, que se verá exacerbada ante un cambio total de JBI hacia OA; por lo tanto, la comunidad necesita de dicho plan para poder hacer enfrentarlas y asegurar unas garantías.

Comentario de Wiley: Los autores pueden aprovecharse de los beneficios de OA sin tener que preocuparse por sus costes … gracias a, entre otros, acuerdos recientes en Sudáfrica, México, Tailandia y la India.
Respuesta: Esto obvia los hechos remarcados por los Editores Asociados y Editores Jefes de JBI (incluyendo aquellos que son residentes en estos países) en reuniones con Wiley, conforme a que estos acuerdos tienen implicaciones poco claras y/o se limitan a un pequeño número de instituciones de prestigio mientras excluyen a la mayoría de los investigadores. Como tal, generan una pérdida de visibilidad relativa en aquellos trabajos realizados por una amplia mayoría de investigadores que no pueden permitirse publicar en OA. Por ello, la postura real de Wiley con respecto a estas cuestiones daña las metas de la revista, como se explica brevemente aquí: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14680.  

Comentario de Wiley: Valoran enormemente el trabajo realizado por los Editores Asociados … y su objetivo es asegurar que sus revistas sean competitivas, atraigan autores, y que crezcan de forma sostenible … lo que les permite reinvertir en revistas, infraestructura, cuerpos editoriales, comunidades científicas y programas.
Respuesta: Nuestra experiencia dice algo muy diferente. Wiley, en los últimos 4 años, ha instado a los Editores Jefes a aceptar una rebaja en sus honorarios, ha devaluado los honorarios al no ajustarlos a la inflación, ha reducido el valor de los retribuciones destinadas a los Editores Asociados, ha ignorado promesas de promoción, ha faltado al respeto al cuerpo editorial y ha reducido su inversión en producción, lo que ha disminuido la calidad de los manuscritos a la vez que se transfiere una mayor carga de trabajo al cuerpo editorial. Y mucho antes de esto, Wiley ya había comenzado a explotar económicamente la asistencia lingüística. El ínfimo número de exenciones OA (media estimada de <1 por revista al año) ofrecidas a una pequeña minoría no compensa las inequidades que se introducen para la gran mayoría. Wiley no ha invertido lo suficiente en JBI para mantener, mucho menos aumentar, su reputación en el campo; las evidencias son claras, en un amplio conjunto de métricas y en la calidad media de los manuscritos enviados. Wiley brinda una promoción mínima a la revista, de nuevo instando al cuerpo editorial a hacer más mientras Wiley hace menos. Existen problemas también en otras revistas. Esta falta de inversión contrasta con unos ingresos récord superiores a los $1,000 millones comunicados por Wiley para 2022 y amplios márgenes de beneficio, en donde la publicación académica constituye un activo particularmente lucrativo.   

Comentario de Wiley: Se muestran ampliamente predispuestos a entablar diálogos, de forma a hacer las cosas mejor.
Respuesta: El cuerpo editorial es optimista en relación al diálogo — aunque nuestro optimismo es moderado, porque nuestras reivindicaciones ya han sido desechadas en cuatro escalas diferentes dentro de Wiley (Editorial de Revistas encargada de JBI, Director Editorial Asociado para Ciencias de la Vida, Director Editorial Senior para Ciencias de la Vida, y Vicepresidenta del Grupo para la Editorial), conduciendo a la situación en la que nos encontramos actualmente. 

Por tanto, queremos ser claros con relación a doce medidas necesarias para resolver la actual disputa, y esperamos que sean los temas abordados en un diálogo franco y en cambios de política.

1. Ya que es uno de los distintos futuros posibles, tiene que desarrollarse un modelo para el posible caso de total conversión de JBI a OA — independientemente de si ya existe o no un plan explícito. En él, Wiley tiene que garantizar una exención total o parcial (de ser necesaria) a cualquier autor cuyo manuscrito sea aceptado, pero no disponga de los fondos necesarios para pagar los gastos de gestión del artículo (APC).  

2. Con independencia del modelo de publicación, los costes OA para JBI han de ser más asequibles, reflejando el coste de publicación, lo que ayudará a reducir la inequidad. 

3. Con independencia del modelo de publicación, tiene que haber un programa trascendente de exenciones para que los investigadores con fondos insuficientes no se vean perjudicados. 

4. Además de lo anterior, deben establecerse otros elementos de apoyo a la ‘Global Biogeography Initiative’ de la revista: 
·         asistencia lingüística gratuita para aquellos equipos de autores cuya primera lengua no sea el inglés durante el proceso editorial y de revisión
·         el Judith Masters Memorial Fund, pese a ser valorado, es insuficiente para cubrir todos los gastos de participación en un encuentro internacional. El fondo debe ser incrementado para que cubra todos los gastos de participación en una conferencia o laboratorio internacional, para varios investigadores elegibles. 

5. Revisar la interfaz y sistema de transferencia ScholarOne para facilitar la política editorial de JBI sobre decisiones, incluyendo transferencias, que fomenten la divulgación de decisiones y revisiones con cualquier revista.

6. Los objetivos de crecimiento no pueden darse a expensas de la calidad de la revista. Unos deben estar impulsados por mejoras en la otra. Por ende, los objetivos de crecimiento de la revista tienen que verse acompañados por una adecuada reinversión. Llegados a este punto, el equipo de editores senior es contrario al incremento del número de artículos aceptados. En su lugar, Wiley tiene que invertir en estrategias que mejoren la categoría de JBI en comparación con otras revistas de ámbito similar.  

7. Las retribuciones a los Editores Jefe tienen que ser reintegradas a niveles previos, es decir, al menos un artículo OA al año en JBI (como primer o último autor) o un valor equivalente (en función de las circunstancias de los editores).

8. Los honorarios del Editor Jefe adjunto deben ser restituidos a niveles pre-2019. Todos los honorarios deben ser automáticamente ajustados a la inflación anual. Si se trasfiere más trabajo a las personas que reciben honorarios, estos deben ser incrementados en consecuencia; los criterios para calcular honorarios deben ser transparentes.  

9. Tiene que hacerse un mayor investimento en la comunidad (Biogeografía) científica. Sugerimos como referencia niveles semejantes a aquellos devueltos a las sociedades, ya que son análogos para la comunidad biogeográfica que apoya el modelo de negocio de Wiley para JBI. Véanse asimismo exenciones APC, Judith Masters Memorial Fund, honorarios o retribuciones a los Editores Jefes. Además, esto significa aumentar el apoyo a coloquios globales. Y todos estos investimentos requieren un ajuste anual a la inflación; cualquier otra cosa es en realidad una desinversión. 

10. Las cláusulas de confidencialidad tienen que eliminarse de los contratos de los editores.

11. La independencia del cuerpo editorial tiene que ser materializada, y también clarificada a través de contratos (por ejemplo, eliminación de metas de crecimiento, metas de transferencia, cláusulas de confidencialidad, etc.). 

12. Reinversión en producción, revisión de los volúmenes de trabajo, y retorno de control al Editor Jefe.  

Por supuesto que existen importantes debates que deben producirse dentro de muchas de estas cuestiones, por ejemplo:
– ¿Cuál es el coste real de publicación con los que fijar los APCs?
– ¿Cómo determinar la disponibilidad de fondos para pagar OA?
-¿Qué porcentaje de beneficios debe ser reinvertido en la comunidad/revista?
El cuerpo editorial de JBI está dispuesto a abrir estos debates inmediatamente — también recomendamos establecer un Consejo Asesor Editorial para las revistas de Biogeografía de Wiley, que deben ser apoyados por personal de Wiley, a los que se les debe proporcionar la información necesaria, independencia, y estatus por ayudar a Wiley a tomar decisiones bien informadas que apoyen la sustentabilidad a largo plazo de las revistas. Asimismo, estas revisiones y compromisos tienen que hacerse públicas. Será especialmente importante para Wiley mostrar la reinversión en la revista, en la comunidad biogeográfica, y en el futuro; para demostrar que Wiley realmente respeta a los editores, que reinvierte en la revista y que está comprometida con el acceso equitativo. Todo esto no es visible a día de hoy. Esto hará que la comunidad sienta con seguridad que JBI (y Wiley en general) es un socio de confianza para nuestro trabajo y servicio. 


#EditoresAsociados continúan la #HuelgaLaboral @jbiogeography

Las respuestas de Wiley durante el mes pasado han vuelto a desechar las constantes preocupaciones del cuerpo editorial. Su respuesta más reciente a los editores sigue textualmente a continuación, la cual interpretamos.


Comentario de la Vicepresidenta del Grupo, Entidad Editorial, Wiley: Estaba de vacaciones, de ahí la respuesta tardía.  Interpretación / respuesta: No comentamos las vacaciones de nadie, pero cuatro personas de Wiley están comunicándose con el cuerpo editorial de JBI. Resolver constructivamente este conflicto es una prioridad tan baja para Wiley que aprovechan cualquier excusa para procrastinar.  

Comentario de la Vicepresidenta del Grupo, Entidad Editorial, Wiley: Gracias por compartir estas ideas, nos proporcionan mucho sobre lo que pensar. Nos importa la investigación y el acceso a ella, y trabajamos activamente para abordar estas cuestiones. Sin embargo, nuestra prioridad inmediata es disponer de un nuevo liderazgo y estructura editorial que trabajen con nosotros para sacar la revista adelante.   Interpretación / respuesta: Al contrario, la falta de una respuesta coherente por parte de Wiley a las reivindicaciones del cuerpo editorial evidencia que a Wiley no le importa ni la investigación y el acceso a ella ni tampoco las reivindicaciones del cuerpo editorial. Preferirían reemplazar el cuerpo editorial tan pronto como les sea posible con una junta que sea sumisa ante el hecho de que Wiley antepone los beneficios frente al acceso, el costeo asequible, la equidad y la independencia editorial.    

Comentario de la Vicepresidenta del Grupo, Entidad Editorial, Wiley: Nos gustaría trabajar codo con codo con el equipo editorial; es parte de nuestro trabajo escuchar y entablar frecuentemente conversaciones bilaterales con los cuerpos editoriales. Una vez que el nuevo equipo haya sido instaurado, nos comprometeremos a tener reuniones (virtuales o de otra manera) en las que se pongan sobre la mesa algunas de estas cuestiones y para explorarlas en detalle.  Interpretación / respuesta: Existe un equipo editorial en curso dispuesto a discutir soluciones. El último mes es evidente que Wiley no ha estado interesada en trabajar con el equipo editorial, escuchar preocupaciones, o actuar en consecuencia.    

Comentario de la Vicepresidenta del Grupo, Entidad Editorial, Wiley: Nos agradaría tener una conversación en condiciones sobre JBI o el estado actual de la biogeografía en general con cualquiera de los editores asociados que se encuentren en el evento ESA en Portland. Interpretación / respuesta: Wiley está rechazando todas las invitaciones para discutir con el cuerpo editorial nuestras reivindicaciones más inmediatas y urgentes en relación al éxito a largo plazo de la revista. Preferirían retrasar y desviar la atención mientras encuentran editores sumisos ante la industria editorial de explotación de la comunidad científica.  


Siendo así, llegados al 31 de julio, fecha que fue fijada por el cuerpo editorial hasta la cual dar resolución al conflicto, sin una respuesta significativa por parte de Wiley, los Editores Asociados hemos decidido continuar con nuestro paro laboral. El comunicado remitido a Wiley por el cuerpo editorial sigue a continuación.


Para [Wiley]:

Gracias por su reciente correspondencia. Desafortunadamente, su respuesta sigue sin abordar directamente ninguna de las preocupaciones que hemos planteado. Estamos en desacuerdo con su alegación de que estos son problemas para ser tratados con el nuevo liderazgo editorial que opere con una nueva estructura editorial. Estas son preocupaciones del actual cuerpo editorial. Afirmar algo diferente simplemente enfatiza que (1) Wiley continúa ignorando las preocupaciones del actual cuerpo editorial, como lleva haciendo 7 meses, y que (2) Wiley busca coartar la independencia editorial, lo que inevitablemente trae consecuencias negativas para la calidad y prestigio de la revista.

A pesar de no haberse celebrado ninguna reunión hasta el 31 de julio, tal y como habíamos solicitado, el restante cuerpo editorial se muestra todavía dispuesto a reunirse con Wiley para discutir nuestras reivindicaciones y explorar soluciones de forma conjunta. Sin embargo, previo a cualquier reunión (virtual o de otra forma) necesitamos que Wiley nos explique de forma clara cuáles son sus planteamientos, más allá del cambio de liderazgo. El tiempo es oro para los autores, igual que para la reputación de la revista, y les instamos a que hagan inmediatamente propuestas concretas con relación a las doce cuestiones que hemos planteado. 


Su respuesta clara y por escrito tiene que abordar nuestras reivindicaciones en lugar de rebajarlas. Tal y como fue expuesto en nuestra declaración original, “estamos dispuestos a reconsiderar nuestra postura en el momento que Wiley tenga en cuenta nuestras reivindicaciones … y lleguemos a un consenso”. A falta de una respuesta coherente pasada la fecha límite del 31 de julio, el paro laboral de los Editores Asociados continuará durante agosto y más allá, si fuese necesario. Llegados a este punto, muchos de nosotros nos comprometemos a dimitir; otros aguardan a escuchar sus respuestas antes de decidirse.

Siendo así, los Editores Asociados (AEs) han decidido seguir cuatro líneas de acción:

  1. Algunos AEs dimitirán inmediatamente en protesta por la falta de respuesta, una decisión reforzada para muchos por el despido injustificado del Editor Jefe la pasada semana,
  2. Algunos AEs dimitirán de forma efectiva el 28 de agosto salvo que Wiley establezca compromisos inmediatos, un proceso de negociación y una Junta de Asesora Editorial para las revistas de biogeografía,
  3. Algunos AEs se reservan su derecho a dimitir de acuerdo con sus respuestas, y
  4. Aquellos AEs en (2) o (2) continuarán el paro laboral pendientes de una respuesta satisfactoria de Wiley.

Cada AE les dará a conocer su decisión de forma individual.


Repetimos que Wiley necesita tomar medidas inmediatas para resolver el actual conflicto, y la necesidad de un debate abierto y cambios en la política de los siguientes temas:

1. Ya que es uno de los distintos futuros posibles, tiene que desarrollarse un modelo para el posible caso de total conversión de JBI a OA — independientemente de si ya existe o no un plan explícito. En él, Wiley tiene que garantizar una exención total o parcial (de ser necesaria) a cualquier autor cuyo manuscrito sea aceptado, pero no disponga de los fondos necesarios para pagar los gastos de gestión del artículo (APC).  

2. Con independencia del modelo de publicación, los costes OA para JBI han de ser más asequibles, reflejando el coste de publicación, lo que ayudará a reducir la inequidad. 

3. Con independencia del modelo de publicación, tiene que haber un programa trascendente de exenciones para que los investigadores con fondos insuficientes no se vean perjudicados. 

4. Además de lo anterior, deben establecerse otros elementos de apoyo a la ‘Global Biogeography Initiative’ de la revista: 
·         asistencia lingüística gratuita para aquellos equipos de autores cuya primera lengua no sea el inglés durante el proceso editorial y de revisión
·         el Judith Masters Memorial Fund, pese a ser valorado, es insuficiente para cubrir todos los gastos de participación en un encuentro internacional. El fondo debe ser incrementado para que cubra todos los gastos de participación en una conferencia o laboratorio internacional, para varios investigadores elegibles. 

5. Revisar la interfaz y sistema de transferencia ScholarOne para facilitar la política editorial de JBI sobre decisiones, incluyendo transferencias, que fomenten la divulgación de decisiones y revisiones con cualquier revista.

6. Los objetivos de crecimiento no pueden darse a expensas de la calidad de la revista. Unos deben estar impulsados por mejoras en la otra. Por ende, los objetivos de crecimiento de la revista tienen que verse acompañados por una adecuada reinversión. Llegados a este punto, el equipo de editores senior es contrario al incremento del número de artículos aceptados. En su lugar, Wiley tiene que invertir en estrategias que mejoren la categoría de JBI en comparación con otras revistas de ámbito similar.  

7. Las retribuciones a los Editores Jefe tienen que ser reintegradas a niveles previos, es decir, al menos un artículo OA al año en JBI (como primer o último autor) o un valor equivalente (en función de las circunstancias de los editores).

8. Los honorarios del Editor Jefe adjunto deben ser restituidos a niveles pre-2019. Todos los honorarios deben ser automáticamente ajustados a la inflación anual. Si se trasfiere más trabajo a las personas que reciben honorarios, estos deben ser incrementados en consecuencia; los criterios para calcular honorarios deben ser transparentes.  

9. Tiene que hacerse un mayor investimento en la comunidad (Biogeografía) científica. Sugerimos como referencia niveles semejantes a aquellos devueltos a las sociedades, ya que son análogos para la comunidad biogeográfica que apoya el modelo de negocio de Wiley para JBI. Véanse asimismo exenciones APC, Judith Masters Memorial Fund, honorarios o retribuciones a los Editores Jefes. Además, esto significa aumentar el apoyo a coloquios globales. Y todos estos investimentos requieren un ajuste anual a la inflación; cualquier otra cosa es en realidad una desinversión. 

10. Las cláusulas de confidencialidad tienen que eliminarse de los contratos de los editores.

11. La independencia del cuerpo editorial tiene que ser materializada, y también clarificada a través de contratos (por ejemplo, eliminación de metas de crecimiento, metas de transferencia, cláusulas de confidencialidad, etc.). 

12. Reinversión en producción, revisión de los volúmenes de trabajo, y retorno de control al Editor Jefe.  

Por supuesto que existen importantes debates que deben producirse dentro de muchas de estas cuestiones, por ejemplo:
– ¿Cuál es el coste real de publicación con los que fijar los APCs?
– ¿Cómo determinar la disponibilidad de fondos para pagar OA?
-¿Qué porcentaje de beneficios debe ser reinvertido en la comunidad/revista?
El cuerpo editorial de JBI está dispuesto a abrir estos debates inmediatamente — también recomendamos establecer un Consejo Asesor Editorial para las revistas de Biogeografía de Wiley, que deben ser apoyados por personal de Wiley, a los que se les debe proporcionar la información necesaria, independencia, y estatus por ayudar a Wiley a tomar decisiones bien informadas que apoyen la sustentabilidad a largo plazo de las revistas. Asimismo, estas revisiones y compromisos tienen que hacerse públicas. Será especialmente importante para Wiley mostrar la reinversión en la revista, en la comunidad biogeográfica, y en el futuro; para demostrar que Wiley realmente respeta a los editores, que reinvierte en la revista y que está comprometida con el acceso equitativo. Todo esto no es visible a día de hoy. Esto hará que la comunidad sienta con seguridad que JBI (y Wiley en general) es un socio de confianza para nuestro trabajo y servicio. 

Se despide, atentamente.
Los editores

Journal of Biogeography


#EditoresAsociados #HuelgaLaboral @jbiogeography

Una gran mayoría (~85%) de los Editores Asociados que componen Journal of Biogeography (JBI) han secundado el paro laboral iniciado el 29 de junio de 2023, con motivo de un conflicto sin resolver con la entidad editorial de la revista, Wiley.

Sus reivindicaciones radican en la inequidad del sistema de publicación Open Access, en metas de crecimiento irreales, en el aumento de la presión por transferir manuscritos rechazados a revistas “cascada” y en otras cuestiones relacionadas. A continuación, se adjunta su declaración al completo.

La postura de los Editores Asociados da seguimiento a la reciente dimisión del Editor Jefe ante el rechazo de Wiley para abordar las preocupaciones planteadas por el cuerpo editorial.

Las reivindicaciones de los Editores Asociados afectan a todos los científicos que publican sus trabajos en la revista, y tienen un especial impacto en aquellos que disponen de menos recursos. El cuerpo editorial de JBI respeta las circunstancias individuales de cada uno de los Editores Asociados —quienes han trabajado diligentemente y sin recompensa en beneficio de la comunidad científica— y su decisión de secundar o no la huelga. No es una decisión que se tome a la ligera.

Lamentamos informar que los autores que envíen sus manuscritos a la revista durante el paro laboral van a experimentar retrasos en el procesamiento de sus trabajos.

===-===-===

Michael Dawson
Editor Jefe, Journal of Biogeography
University of California-Merced

Margaret Donnelly
Gestora de la Revista, Journal of Biogeography
Wiley Publishers

28 de Junio de 2023

Estimados Dr. Dawson y Sra. Donnelly:

Escribimos para informarles de que nosotros, los Editores Asociados (AEs) de Journal of Biogeography (JBI), no estamos dispuestos a atender nuevos manuscritos enviados a JBI, debido a diferencias de opinión en las siguientes cuestiones:

  1. El modelo Open Access (OA) integral. No apoyamos el cambio a OA integral, porque esto perjudica a aquellos investigadores que no pueden permitirse publicar su trabajo siguiendo el modelo de negocio “paga-para-publicar”. Este modelo de publicación obstaculiza enormemente la visibilidad del trabajo de los investigadores más jóvenes y de aquellos en países con rentas bajas o medias que no pueden costear las tasas subyacentes al OA. Del mismo modo, este sistema promueve la visibilidad de aquellos investigadores con amplios fondos para costear publicaciones y permite un acceso libre injusto a su contenido. Esto crea un sistema en el cual aquellos que disponen de más fondos serán más citados que aquellos que no disponen de fondos para hacer que sus trabajos sean igualmente visibles.
  2. Proposición de incrementar la productividad de la revista. Esta propuesta de cambio parece más bien un intento por maximizar la rentabilidad del negocio, a expensas del tiempo que los AEs pasamos procesando trabajos adicionales y con un esperable impacto negativo sobre la calidad real o percibida de los artículos. Como AEs, nos gustaría recordar a la entidad editorial que trabajamos gratis, por el bien de la comunidad. El tiempo libre que dedicamos a un servicio profesional, editando para JBI, no está pensado para maximizar el lucro.
  3. Remisión automática a otras revistas del grupo Wiley: Nos oponemos firmemente a esta opción, ya que echa por tierra la libertad de elección del autor, así como la discreción editorial. Los autores proporcionan a Wiley el contenido de su trabajo de manera gratuita, y por tanto la elección sobre en que revista prefieren publicar su trabajo es enteramente suya. Como editores, somos a menudo capaces de sugerir revistas más apropiadas para cada manuscrito específico, y estas pueden o pueden no estar en el grupo de revistas de Wiley. De nuevo, nuestro servicio es prestado al campo de la biogeografía, y no a Wiley per se.

Estamos al corriente de que Wiley no se ha mostrado dispuesta a consensuar un acuerdo sobre estos temas, y por ello nos encontramos actualmente en un paro laboral como AEs. Desde el 28 de junio, no estamos dispuestos a aceptar ninguna tarea editorial que ataña a nuevos manuscritos. Para que esta postura no obstruya a nuestros colegas que ya hayan enviado sus trabajos a JBI, continuaremos a gestionar manuscritos que se encuentren actualmente en proceso de revisión.

Estamos dispuestos a reconsiderar nuestra postura en el momento que Wiley tenga en cuenta las reivindicaciones listadas anteriormente, y lleguemos a un acuerdo. Proponemos el 31 de julio como fecha límite para resolver estos problemas, tras el cual estaremos dispuestos a retomar nuestros deberes como AEs. También estamos listos para dimitir si no se alcanza un compromiso. Por favor, tengan en cuenta que, como AEs, trabajamos sin remuneración o compensación, y nuestro fin último es hacer avanzar el campo de la biogeografía respaldando la investigación de calidad, revisada y puntera. JBI cuenta con una historia de prestigio como líder en su disciplina, y somos totalmente contrarios al desarrollo de un modelo de negocio que maximice los lucros mientras pone en riesgo la calidad académica de JBI.


11th Hour talks fail, #AssociateEditors #Resigned, @jbiogeography

Deputy editors-in-chief at the Journal of Biogeography (JBI) set up an 11th hour meeting with Wiley trying to resolve the two-month ongoing dispute about affordability, equity, and editorial independence. Initial reports are that the talks failed. The pending mass resignation of the remaining associate editors takes effect.


This blog and related twitter accounts have been relatively quite over the past few weeks, not because nothing has been happening (see below!), but, because the editorial board wanted to give an 11th hour meeting with Wiley chance to make progress. The meeting had been negotiated by the remaining deputy editors-in-chief, who have been busy impressing upon Wiley the gravitas of the matter, the potential damage to the journal’s and publishers’ reputations being caused by Wiley’s as yet inadequate responses, and Wiley’s continuing need to address the editorial board’s concerns about affordability, equity, and editorial independence at the journal.

The sad news is that initial reports indicate the editorial board’s last ditch efforts to make progress have failed. This means that the resignations of the remaining ~1/3rd of the Associate Editors — offered three weeks ago contingent on progress in discussions with Wiley (but accepted immediately by Wiley!) — will now go into effect on 28th August.

It seems Wiley does not know how, and/or is unwilling, to listen and collaborate with their editorial boards. There have been many opportunities: contract discussions in late 2022; the resignation of the first deputy editor-in-chief in January 2023; two all-hands meetings with the editorial board in early March; a month of discussions in April culminating in resignation of the editor-in-chief in May, the start of the associate editors’ work stoppage in June (with a target data of 31 June for resolution), and continuation of the work stoppage and beginning of resignations in August. All of these events signalled to Wiley that these were serious matters and needed attention. Not once did they engage meaningfully.

It’s possible Wiley’s strategy is to encourage resignation of editorial boards that are asking for improvements, so Wiley can replace them with more compliant boards, thus ratcheting forward their unaffordable, inequitable, publication models and decreasing editorial independence at the same time. Indeed, this seems to be happening at J. Biogeography: having created a vacuum by firing the current editor-in-chief — an independent academic and practicing biogeographer — the word on the street is that the next editor-in-chief will be a Wiley employee, lacking serious credentials in biogeography, transferring in from Wiley’s Ecology & Evolution journal, which is something of an APC/OA clearing-house whose “overriding philosophy is to be ‘author friendly’ and editing practice is to ‘look for reasons to publish.’” This appears to confirm beyond any doubt that Wiley’s primary concern is fiscal, not scientific. It is a desperate fall from grace for a journal of JBI‘s prior standing.

It’s reasonable, therefore, to ask whether the actions of the editorial board at JBI have been successful. If the ultimate outcome was a mass resignation, why not just do that in the first place? What was gained by over 8 months of protracted, failed, negotiations?

We believe we have demonstrated a new and effective way to take action:
– This was the first ever #WorkStoppage by #AssociateEditors at a Wiley journal. (Possibly the first for any large publisher?).
– It is clear from our interactoins with Wiley, that they are shaken; this is causing them substantial concerns.
– The extended timeline allowed us to share with the community the extent of our efforts to build a more positive outcome for the publishing community; and to demonstrate that time and time again, Wiley refused to engage seriously.
– This created an unprecedented cross-journal movement that is spreading: associate editors at other journals are asking their chief editors to engage with these issues; someAEs have resigned or started work stoppages at other Wiley journals. Editors-in-chief at related journals are likewise asking Wiley to engage with these issues, lest they face additional reputational loss.
– It became an international conversation, a hopeful harbinger of change, e.g. at Retraction Watch (story 1, story 2, story 3), Times Higher Ed, Andy Stapleton, Metin Aytekin, and Khrono (a newspaper for universities in Norway)
– Over half of authors who submitted their manuscripts during the work stoppage, and who were informed about these issues (after Wiley declined to do this!), have asked that their manuscripts be unsubmitted so they can publish elsewhere (see some options below).
– Authors of some manuscripts at more advanced stages are taking their reviews and decisions from JBI (the journal’s default policy introduced by this board) and pursuing ‘fast track’ submissions at society journals such as Frontiers of Biogeography (published by the International Biogeography Society using the eScholarship platform [*not* part of the ‘Frontiers in‘ series).
– We have heard from multiple publishing platforms about offers to set up new biogeography journals with better practices, which we are following up.
– Societies around the world have also started to sign on to a Joint Statement on Scientific Publishing, endorsing societies’ leading roles in more affordable, equitable, independent publishing that further supports the communities they serve.

The editorial board at JBI has arguably broken new ground in how to demonstrate effectively against modern exploitative publishing practices. We have done all we can for JBI. Many of us are now committing our editorial and reviewing services to only society-owned journals; others are taking a well-earned break. As we move into these next ventures, we thank the broader community of authors, editors, and reviewers for their patience and overwhelming support; we know this has had impacts on you too, for which we apologize; Wiley could’ve avoided those at any point in the past 8 months. We anticipate Wiley hopes the ”noise’ from the community will simply dissipate as the board leaves. We encourage everyone to continue to make your opinions and values clear to Wiley privately and publicly and by investing your authoring, editing, and reviewing expertise in other journals, preferably society journals. Together, we can make scientific publishing #BetterPublishing.

To help build on the advances made by JBI’s outgoing editorial board, we provide the following three resources:
A. The list of the negotiating points prioritized by the JBI Associate Editors (see ‘A‘ below). This does not mean lower-ranked issues are less important — they all need to be addressed — rather it provides a roadmap for where Wiley (and other publishers) need to make change first to simply show they are sincere in wanting #BetterPublishing for all. We recommend existing and incoming editorial boards at for-profit publisher-owened journals to ask for as many of these points as possible; failing that, consider a work stoppage, and recommend alternate society-owned journals in your field.
B. A partial list of alternate, society, journals that publish biogeographical research (see ‘B‘ below).
C. A developing list of additional negotiating points for potential future associate and chief editors, based on our and others’ experiences.


A. Negotiating points prioritized by JBI Associate Editors.

1. Irrespective of the publication model, OA fees for JBI must be more 
affordable, reflecting the actual cost of publication, which will help 
reduce inequity globally.

2. Irrespective of the publication model, there must be a meaningful 
waiver program so that researchers with insufficient funds are not 
disadvantaged.

3. Goals around growth must not come at the expense of the quality of 
the journal. The former should be driven by improvements in the latter. 
Therefore, goals to grow the journal must be accompanied with matching 
additional investment. At this point in time, the senior editorial team 
is against increasing the number of accepted papers. Rather, Wiley must 
invest in strategies that will increase the standing of JBI in 
comparison to other journals of comparable scope.

4. As one of a variety of possible futures, a model must be developed 
for the possible case of fully flipping JBI to Gold OA — irrespective of 
whether there is or is not currently an explicit plan. In this, Wiley 
must guarantee a full or partial waiver (as needed) to any author whose 
manuscript is accepted but who does not have the funds to pay the 
regular APC.

5. Rewards for AEs must be reinstated to prior levels, i.e. at least one 
OA article per year in JBI (as first or senior author) or equivalent 
value (depending on the editors’ circumstances).

6. More investment must be made in the scientific (Biogeography) 
community. We suggest levels akin to those returned to societies as a 
benchmark, as they are analogs for the biogeographic community that 
supports Wiley’s business model for JBI. Also see above re. APC waivers, 
Judith Masters Memorial Fund, honoraria, recompense for AEs.  In 
addition, this means increases in support for global colloquia. And it 
necessitates annual inflation-adjustment for all such investments; 
anything less is an effective disinvestment.

7. Independence of the Editorial Board must be reified, and also 
clarified through contracts (e.g. exclusion of growth targets, transfer 
targets, NDAs, etc).

8. Reinvestment in Production, revision of workflows, and returning 
oversight to the Editor-in-Chief.

9. In addition to the above, other elements supporting the journal’s 
stated ‘Global Biogeography Initiative’ should be enacted:
·         free language support for non-English-as-a-first-language 
author teams during editorial and peer review
·         the Judith Masters Memorial Fund, while appreciated, is 
insufficient to cover all costs of attendance at an international 
meeting. The fund should be increased so that it would cover all 
expenses of attendance at an international conference/lab, for multiple 
eligible researchers.

10. Revise the ScholarOne interface and transfer scheme to facilitate 
JBI’s editorial policy on decisions, including transfers, encouraging 
sharing of decisions and reviews with any journal.

Two of the original twelve points were prioritized for negotiations by future potential incoming associate and chief editors:

i. Non-Disclosure clauses must be removed from editor contracts.

ii. dEiC honoraria should be returned to pre-2019 levels. All honoraria 
should be automatically annually adjusted for Inflation. If more work is 
shifted to people receiving honoraria, the honoraria should increase 
accordingly; criteria for calculating honoraria should be transparent.

See additional negotiating points for potential future associate and chief editors.


B. A partial list of alternate, society, journals that publish biogeographical research

If considering another venue for your biogeographical work, a few years ago we did an analysis of journals publishing biogeography https://escholarship.org/uc/item/67n7x3zk  (see Fig 1), which may provide some ideas. We recommend Society-owned journals as these give more back to the community. Some are published by Wiley; some are not.  

Society-owned journals that publish biogeographical works include (but are not limited to):
American Journal of Botany (published by Wiley)   
American Naturalist (published by U. Chicago Press)
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (published by Oxford Academic)
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (published by Oxford Academic)
Ecography (published by Wiley)
    Sister journals https://nordicsocietyoikos.org/publications (published by Wiley)
Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society (published by Oxford Academic)
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (published by Oxford Academic)
Evolution (published by Oxford Academic)
Journal of Mammalogy (published by Oxford Academic)
Journal of Vegetation Science (published by Wiley)
Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation (published by Elsevier)
Proceedings of the Royal Society, B (published by Oxford Academic)
     Sister journals https://royalsociety.org/Journals/
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA (published by NAS)
Science (published by AAAS)
Systematic Biology (published by Oxford Academic)
Taxon (published by Wiley)

In addition, the International Biogeography Society publishes a general biogeography journal with a very strong editorial team, although it is not listed by Clarivate:
Frontiers of Biogeography (N.B. *not* a “Frontiers.in” journal) 
Biogeographia is another society journal on the same publication platform

Oxford University Press provides information on other journals it publishes, including whether they are society owned, e.g. 
Plant sciences http://www.oupplantsci.com/category/journals/
Similar information on all Oxford journals can be searched at https://academic.oup.com/
Other university presses exist (Unversity of Chicago, University of California, Stanford, etc). 



#AssociateEditors #WorkStoppage @jbiogeography continues

Wiley’s responses over the past month have continued to dismiss the long-standing concerns of the editorial board. Their most recent response to the board is paraphrased and interpreted below.


Statement by the Group Vice President, Publishing, Wiley: I was on holiday, hence the belated response.  Interpretation / response: We don’t begrudge anyone vacation, but four staff at Wiley are on communications with the JBI editorial team. Resolving this issue constructively is such low priority for Wiley that they prefer any excuse to procrastinate.  

Statement by the Group Vice President, Publishing, Wiley: thank you for sharing the ideas, which provide much to consider. We care about research and access, and we are actively working to address your concerns. However, our immediate priority is to put a new editorial leadership and structure in place who will work with us to take the journal forward.   Interpretation / response: On the contrary, Wiley’s lack of meaningful response to the editorial board’s concerns is evidence that Wiley doesn’t care about research and access or the editorial boards’ concerns. They would like to replace the editorial board as fast as possible with a board that is compliant in prioritizing Wiley’s profits over access, affordability, equity, and editorial independence.    

Statement by the Group Vice President, Publishing, Wiley: We would like to work side by side with the editorial team; it is part of our job to listen and have regular, two-way conversations with editorial boards. Once we have the new team in place, we will commit to hosting a meeting (virtual or otherwise) to get some of these issues out on the table and explore them further.  Interpretation / response: There is an editorial team in place that is interested in discussing solutions. The past month is evidence that Wiley is not interested in working with the editorial team, hearing concerns, or acting upon them.    

Statement by the Group Vice President, Publishing, Wiley: We’d welcome having a proper discussion about JBI or the state of biogeography in general with any associate editors who happen to be at the ESA meeting in Portland. Interpretation / response: Wiley is refusing all invitations to discuss with the editorial board our most immediate and pressing concerns about the long-term success of the journal. They would prefer to delay and distract while they find editors who will be complicit with the publishing industry’s exploitation of the scientific community.  


As such, reaching the board’s target date of 31 July for a resolution, with no meaningful response from Wiley, the Associate Editors have decided to continue their work stoppage. The board’s communication of this to Wiley is provided below.


To [Wiley]:

Thank you for your recent message. Unfortunately, your reply continues to fail to respond directly to any of the concerns we raised. We disagree with your contention that these are matters for new editorial leadership operating within a new editorial structure. These are concerns of the current editorial board. By claiming otherwise, you simply emphasize that (1) Wiley continues to ignore the concerns of the current editorial board, as it has now done for 7 months, and that (2) Wiley seeks to encroach further on editorial independence, with inevitable negative consequences for the quality and standing of the journal.

Despite no meeting being scheduled by 31 July as requested, the remaining editorial team is still willing to meet with Wiley to discuss the grievances and to jointly explore solutions. However, before any meeting occurs (virtual or otherwise) we need to be provided with a clear idea of what Wiley is considering beyond leadership change. Time is of the essence for authors, as well as for the journal’s reputation, and we urge you to immediately make concrete proposals on the twelve issues we have raised. 


Your clear written response must deal with our grievances rather than discount them. As written in our original statement, “we are willing to reconsider our position at such time that Wiley takes on board the grievances listed … and we come to a compromise.” Failing a meaningful response by the deadline of July 31, the Associate Editors work stoppage will continue into August and beyond, as necessary. Already, many of us are committed to resigning; others are waiting to make up their minds depending on your responses. 

As such, the Associate Editors have decided upon four actions:

  1. some AEs will resign immediately in protest of the lack of response, a decision solidified for many by last week’s unwarranted termination of the Editor-in-Chief,
  2. some AEs will resign effective 28 Aug unless Wiley makes immediate concessions, establishes formal negotiations, and sets up an Editorial Advisory Board for the biogeography journals,
  3. some AEs reserve the right to resign depending on your responses, and 
  4. those AEs in (b) and (c) will continue the work stoppage pending a satisfactory response from Wiley.

Each AE will let you know of their individual decision. 


We repeat that immediate action is needed by Wiley to resolve the current dispute, and the need for candid discussion and policy changes on the following topics:   
1. As one of a variety of possible futures, a model must be developed for the possible case of fully flipping JBI to Gold OA — irrespective of whether there is or is not currently an explicit plan. In this, Wiley must guarantee a full or partial waiver (as needed) to any author whose manuscript is accepted but who does not have the funds to pay the regular APC. 

2. Irrespective of the publication model, OA fees for JBI must be more affordable, reflecting the actual cost of publication, which will help reduce inequity globally.

3. Irrespective of the publication model, there must be a meaningful waiver program so that researchers with insufficient funds are not disadvantaged.

4. In addition to the above, other elements supporting the journal’s stated ‘Global Biogeography Initiative’ should be enacted: 

  • free language support for non-English-as-a-first-language author teams during editorial and peer review
  • the Judith Masters Memorial Fund, while appreciated, is insufficient to cover all costs of attendance at an international meeting. The fund should be increased so that it would cover all expenses of attendance at an international conference/lab, for multiple eligible researchers.

5. Revise the ScholarOne interface and transfer scheme to facilitate JBI’s editorial policy on decisions, including transfers, encouraging sharing of decisions and reviews with any journal. 

6. Goals around growth must not come at the expense of the quality of the journal. The former should be driven by improvements in the latter. Therefore, goals to grow the journal must be accompanied with matching additional investment. At this point in time, the senior editorial team is against increasing the number of accepted papers. Rather, Wiley must invest in strategies that will increase the standing of JBI in comparison to other journals of comparable scope. 

7. Rewards for AEs must be reinstated to prior levels, i.e. at least one OA article per year in JBI (as first or senior author) or equivalent value (depending on the editors’ circumstances).

8. dEiC honoraria should be returned to pre-2019 levels. All honoraria should be automatically annually adjusted for Inflation. If more work is shifted to people receiving honoraria, the honoraria should increase accordingly; criteria for calculating honoraria should be transparent. 

9. More investment must be made in the scientific (Biogeography) community. We suggest levels akin to those returned to societies as a benchmark, as they are analogs for the biogeographic community that supports Wiley’s business model for JBI. Also see above re. APC waivers, Judith Masters Memorial Fund, honoraria, recompense for AEs.  In addition, this means increases in support for global colloquia. And it necessitates annual inflation-adjustment for all such investments; anything less is an effective disinvestment.

10. Non-Disclosure clauses must be removed from editor contracts.

11. Independence of the Editorial Board must be reified, and also clarified through contracts (e.g. exclusion of growth targets, transfer targets, NDAs, etc). 

12. Reinvestment in Production, revision of workflows, and returning oversight to the Editor-in-Chief. 


There are of course important points for discussion within many of these issues, for example:

  • What is the actual cost of publishing against which to benchmark APCs?
  • How to best determine the availability of funds to pay for APCs or to receive waivers/discounts?
  • What percentage of gross company profit should be re-invested in the community/journal?

The JBI editorial board is willing to begin these discussions immediately — we also recommend establishment of an Editorial Advisory Board for the Wiley Biogeography journals — which will be supported by Wiley staff, and provided with necessary information, independence, and standing to help Wiley make better informed decisions that support long term sustainability of the journals.


Furthermore, these revisions and commitments must be made publicly. It will be particularly important for Wiley to demonstrate its re-investment in the journal, in the biogeography community, and in the future. Wiley must similarly demonstrate it actually does respect editors, value the journal and the community it serves, and is committed to equitable access. Such measures will reassure the community that JBI (and Wiley in general) is a reliable partner for our work and service. 

Sincerely, and with best regards, 
The editors

Journal of Biogeography


ECR feature: Jacqueline Mattos

Jacqueline Mattos is a PhD candidate at the University of Campinas – UNICAMP. She is a genome scientist and bioinformatician with special focus on the evolutionary and adaptive processes of natural plant populations. Here, Jacqueline shares her recent work on the climate and biotic drivers of range limits in a neotropical orchid.

Personal links. GoogleScholar | Researchgate | Twitter

Institute. UNICAMP (University of Campinas – Brazil).

Academic life stage. PhD Candidate.

Major research themes. Evolutionary ecology; evolutionary genomics; neotropical plants; conservation biology.

Current study system. Our current species of interest is the neotropical orchid Epidendrum fulgens – a terrestrial perennial found mostly on sand dune vegetation, in the south and southeastern coastal areas of Brazil. It belongs to the subgenus Amphyglottium, a group of species with ecological preferences for harsh environments. This species is a cool study system because it has a wide geographical distribution and interesting ecological preferences, being able to grow in both sand dunes and rocky outcrops in different locations of its range.

Recent JBI paper. De Mattos, J. S., Pinheiro, F., Luize, B. G., Chaves, C. J. N., de Lima, T. M., Palma da Silva, C., & Leal, B. S. S. (2023). The relative role of climate and biotic interactions in shaping the range limits of a neotropical orchid. Journal of Biogeography, 50(7): 1315–1328. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14629

Motivation behind this paper. Despite we had already studied the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of E. fulgens across its geographical range, we never addressed any biogeographical hypothesis. In this paper, we evaluated the centre-periphery hypothesis (CPH), a major biogeographic paradigm, using the highly narrow and linear distribution of E. fulgens as a system to understand the different factors (biotic and abiotic) underlying species persistence in geographical extremes/margins. Thus, our main motivation was to understand the patterns generated by the CPH in E. fulgens, while improving our understanding of the biogeography of the species.

Left: Epidendrum fulgens population in southeastern Brazil (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina state). Right: Sand dunes with restinga vegetation, the main kind of habitat for E. fulgens, at Florianópolis site.

Key methodologies. Our work was based on three main methodological components: geographical distribution, ecological niche modelling and genetic diversity patterns. Basically, we integrated empirical data on geographical distribution, pollinator richness and genetic diversity along the entire range of the species. We performed niche models to predict niche limits, and polynomial and linear regression models to investigate the associations between ecological niche and species range, as well as to test the relationship between genetic-derived metrics and geographical and ecological distances. Especially, what provided the newest insights was the addition of pollinator richness into one of our niche models.

Unexpected challenges. Our main challenge was to integrate the great amount of data that we wanted to include in the study. Another challenge was to differentiate the geographical component from the ecological/niche component. Adding the biotic interactions component was definitely an important decision, considering that many papers on CPH still do not account for the biotic processes affecting species ranges.

Major results. We found that ecological conditions become more marginal towards the edges of E. fulgens range, and that both low-latitude and high-latitude margins have different patterns and shape the species distribution differently. We also found that genetic diversity is mostly decreasing, while genetic differentiation is mostly increasing towards both margins. Our study corroborated the CPH regarding ecological and genetic patterns of variation in space, and highlighted distinct factors limiting geographical distribution at the opposite margins of E. fulgens’ range. Our work helps understanding the roles of both biotic and abiotic factors affecting plant distribution ranges in a latitudinal gradient. This could potentially aid in conservation practices in vulnerable and disturbed ecosystems.

The yellow flowers (left) are only one of the morphotypes for E. fulgens, that can be also orange and red (right), in the different locations of its range.

Next steps for this research. I am currently working on the generation of the first chromosome-scale genome assembly for E. fulgens, which will also be the first one for the whole Epidendrum genus. We are also using RNA-seq data to understand the main evolutionary mechanisms (natural selection; genetic drift) that are happening in range margins. This is all part of my doctorate thesis.

If you could study any organism on Earth, what would it be? To me, fungi are exceptionally interesting! I would love to study fungi alongside with plants in the next stages of my academic career.

ECR feature: Chase Doran Brownstein

Chase Brownstein is an incoming graduate student at Yale University. He is a evolutionary biologist and paleontologist primarily interested on how the biogeography of extinct species can inform ideas about contingency and determinism in evolutionary theory. Here, Chase shares his recent work on the biogeography of extant lungfishes.

Personal links. Twitter | GoogleScholar

Institute. Yale University, USA.

Academic life stage. Incoming graduate student (just graduated college).

Major research themes. Biogeography; ancient vicariance; phylogenetics.

Current study system. I study members of so-called living fossil lineages, which are ancient, species-poor clades of living things! What makes these so interesting? A) They can potentially store information about ancient biogeographic events in their evolutionary history, B) they might show distinctive patterns of speciation and rates of evolution, and C) occasionally so-called living fossil species provide a window into past diversity and disparity. Think the coelacanth for helping us understand early lobe-finned fish evolution.

Recent JBI paper. Brownstein, C.D., Harrington, R.C., and Near, T.J. (2023). The biogeography of extant lungfishes traces the breakup of Gondwana. Journal of Biogeography, 50(7): 1191-1198. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14609

Motivation behind this paper. When my advisor (Thomas Near) was in graduate school, he and his colleagues often discussed the need for a strong test of the biogeography of lungfishes, a clade of sarcopterygians consisting of six living species. Lungfishes are cool for being the closest relatives to Tetrapoda, which consists of the four-limbed vertebrates (like you and me)! The living species are distributed across the southern hemisphere, with the South American and African species more closely related to each other than either is to the Australian form. So, the question was, do these splits among lungfishes track the breakup of the southern continents?

Key methodologies. We used Bayesian methods to make time-calibrated trees (phylogenies) of lungfishes based on data from both living species and fossils, which allowed us to provide what I think is the strongest hypothesis yet of the age of living lungfish clades and the timescale of their origination.

Bayesian tip-dated phylogeny and historical biogeography of extant lungfishes, using mitogenomic and nuclear gene sequence data with 16 fossil taxa. Bars indicate 95% CI intervals for divergence times, boxes at nodes indicate inferred ancestral ranges, and continent silhouettes and shaded regions indicate timing of major Gondwanan fragmentation events (yellow shaded region indicates the isolation of eastern Gondwana, including southeastern Asia, and the orange shaded region indicates the separation of Africa and South America). The position of the pan-lepidosireniform clade †Lavocatodidae is indicated following Longrich (2017), as fossils of this clade are too fragmentary for inclusion in the morphological phylogenetic analyses conducted in this paper. Numbers indicate posterior support values at nodes; note that only nodes subtending extant clades are shown, as posterior values on this tree are affected by the use of tip-dating to constrain monophyly.

Unexpected challenges. This one was pretty straightforward!

Major results. In contrast to other studies that did not use the fossil record in conjunction with mitochondrial and nuclear gene data, we found that lungfish phylogeny shows a clear pattern of vicariance across continents (Australasia-South America + Africa, followed by South America-Africa) that is the age when the corresponding splits happened among the continents of the southern hemisphere! So, lungfish phylogeny apparently tracks Gondwanan breakup.

Next steps for this research. We are continuing to study the biogeography, phylogeny, and ecology of living fossil species! Stay tuned!

If you could study any organism on Earth, what would it be? I started out working on dinosaur fossils from eastern North America, and still have soft spots for squamates (lizards and snakes), early birds, and of course tyrannosaurs. So, it really depends on the questions I am interested in exploring!

ECR feature: João Marcos Guimarães Capurucho

João Capurucho is a postdoc at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA. He is a biogeographer and ecologist with a strong focus on Amazonian birds. Here, João shares his recent work on the evolutionary history of white-sand ecosystem birds.

João Capurucho during field work in Amazonia in 2022.

Personal links. Twitter | Researchgate.

Institute. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA.

Academic life stage. Postdoc.

Major research themes. I am interested in biogeography and ecology, with a strong focus on Amazonian birds. My main research questions involve how landscape and climatic history since the Pleistocene (last 2.6 million years) shaped current species’ distribution and genetic diversity, and the existing threats to Amazonian biodiversity. Therefore, I am always looking into different ways to combine museum research, species’ distribution and genetic data, and information from other fields, like climatology and geology, to reconstruct the biogeographic history of bird species/populations.

Current study system. Currently, I am working as a postdoc in a different project from the one related to our recently published paper. We are studying the impact of anthropogenic fire on the bird communities of fragile seasonally flooded forests (igapós) from the Negro River basin. With this purpose, we are deploying autonomous recorders and using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) methods in several sites that were impacted by fire in different years. Yet, I remain interested in understanding the biogeography and evolution of Amazonian birds, and thus I am pursuing different questions related to their current distribution and diversity patterns in white-sand ecosystems.

Recent JBI paper. Capurucho, J. M. G., Ashley, M. V., Cornelius, C., Borges, S. H., Ribas, C. C., & Bates, J. M. (2023). Phylogeographic and demographic patterns reveal congruent histories in seven Amazonian White-Sand ecosystems birds. Journal of Biogeography, 50, 1221– 1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14611.

Motivation behind this paper. I have been interested in the birds inhabiting white-sand ecosystems (WSE) since I started my Master’s studies, advised by Dr. Camila Ribas and Dr. Cintia Cornelius at INPA (Manaus, Brazil). The advance of next generation DNA sequencing and new comparative phylogeographic methods stimulated us to pursue a more comprehensive analysis of species histories and diversity using these new tools. WSE are unique environments that harbor a characteristic avifauna, which we hypothesized would present a distinct biogeographic history when compared to other Amazonian birds from more well-studied habitats (e.g., terra-firme forests). We also thought that, by studying the birds and their molecules, we would improve our understanding of the Amazonian climatic and landscape histories and their impact on fragile WSE.

Field work in the Amazonian white-sand ecosystems back in 2012, to collect data that was later used in our study published at Journal of Biogeography.

Key methodologies. We studied seven species of birds that are characteristic of WSE using a DNA target-capture approach to sequence ultraconserved-elements (UCEs). We performed population structure, demographic modelling and migration surface analyses, among others, to explore genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns within each species. Then, using a relatively recently developed method deployed in ecoevolity (http://phyletica.org/ecoevolity/), we evaluated the occurrence of shared demographic patterns among the populations of WSE birds.

Unexpected challenges. This publication was part of my PhD thesis, which I developed at University of Illinois in collaboration with the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, USA). There were two big challenges during these times: one was pursuing a PhD in a different country and culture, and the other was raising our daughter that was born two years before I finished Grad school. Anyway, I would do it all over again if necessary!

The sun rising at a white-sand ecosystem. We used bikes to access field sites close to the Viruá National Park, in Roraima, Brazil.

Major results. The most striking result was that, virtually, all populations that showed signals of population expansion in the recent past shared the timing of when this event happened. We show that all studied WSE birds, despite their relatively old origins (see our other publication for more details), present shallow population structure, with evidence of gene flow among populations. Similar patterns are observed in other dynamic Amazonian systems (e.g., seasonally flooded forests), but not in more stable environments (e.g., terra-firme). The oldest population split occurred 450,000 years ago, which is quite recent compared to many studied Amazonian birds from other ecosystems. We found that nine populations of WSE birds expanded demographically in the last 100,000 years, with eight of them distributed north of the Amazon River. This huge congruence in phylogeographic patterns and history shows that recent climatic and landscape history strongly affected the distribution and genetic diversity of birds inhabiting WSE.

Next steps for this research. We are currently combining ecological niche models and phylogeographic approaches to better understand the processes driving distribution and diversity patterns of WSE birds. However, the strong association of birds to WSE and their sandy soils make it hard to develop robust ENMs for these birds, due to the lack of reliable and high-quality soil data for Amazonia. We are looking into ways to overcome this issue and improve our analyses.

Typical physiognomy of a white-sand ecosystem in Central Amazonia (RDS Uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil).

If you could study any organism on Earth, what would it be? Birds, birds, birds! Isn’t it obvious?!

#BetterPublishing @jbiogeography: I

In response to the #Workstoppage by #AssociateEditors of @jbiogeography, the journal’s management at Wiley rapidly issued a largely dismissive reply that resulted in the resignation of deputy editor-in-chief Ceridwen Fraser. We invited Wiley to provide a revised response, but received none. As a consequence, the editorial board has compiled our concerns and called for a dozen issues to be addressed, as described in our answer to Wiley, below.

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We particularly found several aspects of Wiley’s initial reply troubling, as follows.

Wiley’s claim: There are no plans to flip Journal of Biogeography (JBI) to open access (OA).
Response: The claim is contrary to the overall trajectory expressed by Wiley that flipping to OA is imminent (e.g. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16815Wiley Q2 2023 Earnings Call Transcript) and statements to this effect about JBI on a 2-4 year horizon. In such circumstances, whether or not there is an explicit timeline, there does need to be an explicit plan for how the inequities that currently are being introduced by Wiley’s (and other journals’) appropriation of Open Access will be addressed. These inequities are already a critical issue and will be exacerbated by a full flip of JBI to OA; therefore, the community needs that plan for addressing inequities and the reassurance it will provide now.  

Wiley’s claim: Authors can leverage the benefits of OA without having to worry about the costs … due to e.g. recent agreements in South Africa, Mexico, Thailand, and India.
Response: This avoids the facts, as have been raised by JBI AEs & CEs (including who are residents of these countries), in meetings with Wiley, that these agreements have unclear implications and/or are limited to a small number of prestigious institutions and exclude the vast majority of researchers. As such, they decrease relative visibility of research by the large majority of researchers who cannot afford to publish OA. Thus, Wiley’s actual stance on these issues damages the journal goals, as explained briefly here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14680.  

Wiley’s claim: They greatly value the work of Associate Editors … and their goal is to ensure that journals are competitive, attract authors, and to grow journals sustainably … which allows them to reinvest in journals, infrastructure, editorial boards, scientific communities, and programs.
Response: Our experience feels very different. Wiley has in the past 4 years asked CEs to accept reduced honoraria, depreciated honoraria by failing to offer adjustments for inflation, reduced the value of rewards given to AEs, failed to deliver promised marketing, disrespected the editorial board, and disinvested in production thus decreasing the quality of manuscripts and shifting workload to the editorial team. Long before this Wiley chose to monetize language support. The miniscule number of OA waivers offered (estimated mean <1 per journal per year) to a small minority does not offset the inequalities introduced for the large majority. Wiley has failed to invest sufficiently in JBI to maintain, let alone increase, its standing in the field; the evidence is clear, in a wide suite of metrics and the average quality of submitted manuscripts. Wiley offers minimal promotion of the journal, again asking the editorial team to do more while Wiley itself does less. These are issues at other journals too. This disinvestment stands in stark contrast to record revenues of over $2B reported by Wiley for 2022 and large profit margins, with academic publishing being a particularly profitable asset.   

Wiley’s claim: they are very open to a discussion to see how they can make things better
Response: The Editorial Board is optimistic about discussions — though our optimism is tempered because our concerns have now been dismissed at four levels within Wiley (by the Journals Publisher for JBI, the Associate Editorial Director for Life Sciences, the Senior Editorial Director for Life Sciences, and the Group Vice President for Publishing), leading to the situation in which we now find ourselves. 

As such, we want to be clear about twelve actions needed to resolve the current dispute, which we expect these to be the topics for candid discussion and policy changes.    

1. As one of a variety of possible futures, a model must be developed for the possible case of fully flipping JBI to gold OA — irrespective of whether there is or is not currently an explicit plan. In this, Wiley must guarantee a full or partial waiver (as needed) to any author whose manuscript is accepted but who does not have the funds to pay the regular APC.  

2. Irrespective of the publication model, OA fees for JBI must be more affordable, reflecting the cost of publication, which will help reduce inequity. 

3. Irrespective of the publication model, there must be a meaningful waiver program so that researchers with insufficient funds are not disadvantaged. 

4. In addition to the above, other elements supporting the journal’s stated ‘Global Biogeography Initiative’ should be enacted: 
·         free language support for non-English-as-a-first-language author teams during editorial and peer review
·         the Judith Masters Memorial Fund, while appreciated, is insufficient to cover all costs of attendance at an international meeting. The fund should be increased so that it would cover all expenses of attendance at an international conference/lab, for multiple eligible researchers. 

5. Revise the ScholarOne interface and transfer scheme to facilitate JBI’s editorial policy on decisions, including transfers, encouraging sharing of decisions and reviews with any journal.  

6. Goals to grow must not come at the expense of the quality of the journal. The former should be driven by improvements in the latter. Therefore, goals to grow the journal must be accompanied with matching additional investment. At this point in time, the senior editorial team is against increasing the number of accepted papers. Rather, Wiley must invest in strategies that will increase the standing of JBI in comparison to other journals of comparable scope.  

7. Rewards for AEs must be reinstated to prior levels, i.e. at least one OA article per year in JBI (as first or senior author) or equivalent value (depending on the editors’ circumstances) 

8. deputy Editor-in-Chief honoraria should be returned to pre-2019 levels. All honoraria should be automatically annually adjusted for Inflation. If more work is shifted to people receiving honoraria, the honoraria should increase accordingly; criteria for calculating honoraria should be transparent.  

9. More investment must be made in the scientific (Biogeography) community. We suggest levels akin to those returned to societies as a benchmark, as they are analogs for the biogeographic community that supports Wiley’s business model for JBI. Also see above re. APC waivers, Judith Masters Memorial Fund, honoraria, recompense for AEs.  In addition, this means increases in support for global colloquia. And it necessitates annual inflation-adjustment for all such investments; anything less is an effective disinvestment. 

10. Non-Disclosure clauses must be removed from editor contracts 

11. Independence of the Editorial Board must be reified, and also clarified through contracts (e.g. exclusion of growth targets, transfer targets, NDAs, etc)  

12. Reinvestment in Production, revision of workflows, and returning oversight to the Editor-in-Chief.  

There are of course important discussions to be held within many of these issues, for example:
– What is the actual cost of publishing against which to benchmark APCs?
– How to determine the availability of funds to pay for OA?
– What percentage of profit should be re-invested in the community/journal?
The JBI editorial board is willing to begin these discussions immediately — we also recommend establishment of an Editorial Advisory Board for the Wiley Biogeography journals — which will be supported by Wiley staff, and provided with necessary information, independence, and standing to help Wiley make better informed decisions that support long term sustainability of the journals.  Furthermore, these revisions and commitments must be made publicly. It will be particularly important for Wiley to show its re-investment in the journal, in the biogeography community, and in the future; to demonstrate that Wiley actually does respect editors, reinvest in the journal, and is committed to equitable access. All of which is currently unapparent. Such will reassure the community that JBI (and Wiley in general) is a reliable partner for our work and service.   


Vertical stratification of ant assemblages in Brazilian savanna

Tropical terrestrial habitats are renowned for their exceptional biodiversity, and one contributing factor is vertical stratification.  Differences in abiotic and biotic conditions from the ground to the top of trees favour the occurrence of distinct species assemblages on the ground and on trees. Our study shows that the degree of this distinction increases with increasing latitude in Brazilian savannas.

Above: General of a Brazilian savanna (cerrado) area. (Novo São Joaquim, MT, Brazil).
Photo: Heraldo Vasconcelos.

The study was motivated by our interest in understanding how ant diversity and community structure varies along climatic gradients within Brazilian Cerrado, the world’s richest and most threatened tropical savanna. The cerrado ant fauna includes an unusually high diversity of specialist arboreal species, reflecting its relatively recent origin from tropical forest.

We sampled ants from 32 savanna sites along a latitudinal gradient of decreasing temperatures and increasing rainfall during the warmest quarter.  We used a standardized sampling protocol on both the ground or in trees, allowing us to evaluate how ant species richness and composition varies both vertically (ground vs arboreal) and horizontally (across a climatic gradient). The fieldwork took several years to complete.

Editors’ choice: (Free to read online for two years.)
Vasconcelos, H. L., Neves, K. C., & Andersen, A. N. (2023). Vertical stratification of ant assemblages varies along a latitudinal gradient in Brazilian savanna. Journal of Biogeography, 50, 1331– 1340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14628 

Ground-foraging ants have lower thermal tolerances than those in trees and so we expected them to be more sensitive to climatic variation. This proved to be the case, such that species richness differences between vertical strata were much greater at the wetter and colder (higher latitude) than at the drier and hotter (lower latitude) sites. Furthermore, the turnover of species between vertical strata also decreased with latitude, due to a sharp increase in the proportion of ground-dwelling species that foraged in trees at lower latitudes. We also expected that the differences in species composition would be greater horizontally than vertically. To our surprise we found the opposite! The mean composition dissimilarity between ant assemblages from different strata was greater than the dissimilarity between assemblages from the same stratum for horizontal distances up to 1,500 km.


Ectatomma brunneum, a ground-dwelling ant species foraging in the arboreal stratum of a savanna area (Brasilia, DF, Brazil). Photo: Alexandre Ariel.

Our study is important for showing that local (vertical) variation in microclimate is an important driver of geographical variation in community structure. It is also important for understanding stratum-specific responses to climate change. In particular, a predicted hotter and drier climate in our study region can be expected to have a greater impact on ground than on arboreal ants, and ground and arboreal assemblages are likely to become less distinct from each other.

As part of our continued interest in the biogeography of ant diversity, we are pursuing the stratum-specific macroecology of Neotropical ant communities by investigating how the relationships between functional, phylogenetic, and taxonomic diversity vary between habitat strata along geographical climate gradients.


Arboreal pitfall traps installed onto the branches of a savanna tree.
Photo: Heraldo Vasconcelos.

Written by:
Heraldo L. Vasconcelos and Karen C. Neves, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Brazil
Alan N. Andersen, Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia